Project on Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banking

multiplication The lodgeing sector has been undergoing a complex, neverthe slight comprehensive phase ofrestructuring since 1991, with a conceive to deliver it sound, high-octane, and at the same time it isforging its links firmly with the original sector for promotion of savings, identifyment and growth. Although a complete turn round in shoreing concerning sector per human bodyance is not expected till thecompletion of rejuvenates, signs of improvement be visible in some indicators under theCAMELS manakin. Under this trust is involve to enhance majuscule of the United States adequacy, strengthenaddition guinea pig, improve anxiety, increase earnings and reduce sensitivity to assorted mo crystallizeary happens.The al roughly simultaneous nature of these developments makes it difficult todisentangle the positive impact of reform measures. In 1994, the rbi effected the Board of Financial Supervision, which ope localises as a unit ofthe RBI. The entire supervis ory mechanism was re seted to suit the changing unavoidably of astrong and stable fiscal system. The supervisory jurisdiction of the BFS was s starting line gearlyex slopeed to the entire pecuniary system barring the great grocery institutions and theinsurance sector. Its mandate is to strengthen supervision of the fiscal system byinteg rating e very(prenominal)wheresight of the activities of financial serve firms.The BFS has alikeestablished a sub-committee to routinely visualise auditing practices, quality, and coverage. In 1995, RBI had note up a working convention under the chairmanship of Shri S. Padmanabhan toreview the swaning supervision system. The Committee gave authentic recommendations and foundingd on more than(prenominal) suggestions a rating system for domestic and hostile pious platitudes based on theinternational CAMELS model combining financial focussing and sensitivity to marketrisks element was introduced for the inspection cycle commencing from July 1998.Itrecommended that the blasphemes should be rated on a five point shell (A to E) based on the enclosuresof international CAMELS rating model. CAMELS rating model measures the relativesoundness of a swan. bj ectives of the Pro j ect Study ?To instruction the Financial act of the b anks.? y To study the strength of using CAMELS framework as a tool of Performanceevaluation for Commercial bevels y To describe the CAMELS model of rank situateing institutions, so as to analyzetheperformance of non-homogeneous patois. R ationaleIn the parvenu-fashioned social classs the financial system especially the banks commence underdone for(p) numerouschanges in the form of reforms, regularizations & norms. The attempt here is to see how variousratios view been used and interpreted to conk out a banks performance and how this particularmodel encompasses a wide range of parameters do it a astray used and true modelin todays scenario. information Collection y Primar y Data Primary data was collectedfrom the commits balance sheets and profitand loss statements. y secondary Data Secondary data on the subject was collected from ICFAI journals, savings banks annual reports and RBIM ethodologyAs long as the methodology is concerned, we have made use of a framework calledCAMELS FRAMEWORK. There be so many models of evaluating the performance of thebanks, scarce I have chosen the CAMELS Model for this purpose. I have gone through several accommodate backs, journals and websites and found it the best model because it measures theperformance of the banks from from each one parameter i. e. Capital, additions, Management, wage,Liquidity and Sensitivity toMarket risks. CAMELS rate banks onthe fol down(p)ing half-dozen parameters -? Capital adequateness (CRAR)? Asset Quality (GNPA)? Management Soundness (MGNT)?Earnings & favourableness (ROA)? Liquidity (LQD)? Sensitivity to Market attempts (? ) websitDuring an on-site bank exam, supervisors st ack up hush-hush information, much(prenominal) as details onproblem adds, with which to evaluate a banks financial condition and to monitor itscompliance with laws and restrictive policies. A recognise product of such(prenominal) an exam is asupervisory rating of the banks boilers suit condition, commonly referred to as a CAMELSrating. The acronym CAMEL refers to the five components of a banks condition that beassessed Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, and Liquidity.A sixthcomponent, a banks Sensitivity to market risk was added in 1997 hence the acronym waschanged to CAMELSAMELS is basically a ratio-based model for evaluating the performance of banks. Variousratios forming this model argon explained below Capital base of financial institutions facilitates depositors in forming their risk perception most(predicate) the institutions. Also, it is the key parameter for financial managers to maintainadequate levels of heavy(p)ization. The most widely used indicator of detonating device adequacy is detonating device to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRWA).According to curse Supervision RegulationCommittee (The Basle Committee) of banking company for International Settlements, a minimum 9 dowery CRWA is required. Thus, it is useful to track capital-adequacy ratios that take intoaccount the most important financial risks? remote exchange, belief, and following raterisks? by assigning risk weightings to the institutions assets. A sound capital basestrengthens confidence of depositors. This ratio is used to honor depositors and support thestability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Capital R isk adequacy R atioCRAR is a ratio of Capital Fund to Risk Weighted Assets. go for affirm of India prescribes banks to maintain a minimum Capital to risk-weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) of 9 % with think to extension risk, market risk and operable risk on an on-going basis, as against 8 %prescribed in Basel documents. C omponent-wise Capital Adequacy of ScheduledCommercial commits (As at end- M arch) Capital to R isk W eighted Assets R atio- verify Group-wise good capital includes tier-I capital and Tier-II capital. Tier-I capital includes paid up equitycapital, free reserves, nonphysical assets and so forthTier-II capital includes long term unsecured bestows, loss reserves, hybrid debt capital instruments etc. The higher the CRAR, the strongeris considered a bank, asit ensures high safety against bankruptcy. Asset quality determines the robustness of financial institutions against loss of pass judgment in theassets. The deteriorating value of assets, cosmos prime source of banking problems, directlypour into another(prenominal) atomic number 18as, as losses are eventually written off against capital, which ultimatelyjeopardizes the earning capacity of the institution. With this backdrop, the asset quality isgauged n relation to the level and severity of non-performing assets, adequacy o fprovisions, recoveries, diffusion of assets etc. Popular indicators include non-performing gives to advances, loan default to tot advances, and recoveries to loan default ratios. One of the indicators for asset quality is the ratio of non-performing loans to nitty-gritty loans(GNPA). The thoroughgoing(a) non-performing loans to gross advances ratio is more indicative of th reachity of mention decisions made by bankers. Higher GNPA is indicative of poor recognitiondecision-making. N PA N on-Performing AssetsAdvances are classified into performing and non-performing advances (NPAs) as per RBIguidelines. NPAs are further classified into sub-standard, provisional and loss assets based onthe criteria stipulated by RBI. An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performingwhen it ceases togenerate income for the bank. An NPA is a loan or an advance where 1. Interest and/or installment of mavin be overdue for a stoppage of more than 90days in generateing attention of a te rm loan2. The account remains out-of-order in prize of an Overdraft or Cash Credit(OD/CC)3.The bill remains overdue fora period of more than90 days in guinea pig of bills purchasedand discounted4. A loan granted for short duration crops allow for be treated as an NPA if the installmentsof principal or interest on it remain overduefor dickens crop seasons and5. A loan granted for long duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installmentsof principal or interest thereon remain overduefor one crop season. The camber classifies an account as an NPA only if the interest imposed during any quarter isnot richly repaid in spite of appearance 90 days from the end of the relevant quarter. This is a key to thestability of the banking sector.There should be no hesitation in stating that Indian bankshave done a precious job in containment of non-performing loans (NPL) considering theoverhang issues and overall difficult environment. For 2008, the net NPL ratio for the Indianschedu led technical banks at 2. 9 per cent is ample testimony to the impressive efforts be made by our banking system. In fact, convalescence management is also coupled to thebanks interest margins. The cost and recovery management supported by enable legalframework hold the key to prox health and competitiveness of the Indian banks.No doubt,improving recovery-management in India is an area requiring expeditious and effectiveactions in legal, institutional and judicial mental processes. Management of financial institution is generally evaluated in terms of capital adequacy,asset quality, earnings and profitability, fluidness and risk sensitivity ratings. In addition,performance evaluation includes compliance with set norms, ability to plan and react tochanging circumstances, technical competence, leadership and administrative ability. Ineffect, management rating is just an amalgam of performance in the above-mentioned areas.Sound management is one of the most important factors behi nd financial institutionsperformance. Indicators of quality of management, however, are primarily applicable toindividual institutions, and commodenot be comfortably aggregated across the sector. Furthermore, giventhe soft nature of management, it is difficult to judge its soundness just by feeling atfinancial accounts of the banks. Neverthe little, total expenditure to total income and operating spending to total expense helpsin gauging the management quality of the banking institutions.Sound management is key tobank performance exclusively is difficult to measure. It is primarily a qualitative factor applicable toindividual institutions. some(prenominal) indicators, however, stomach jointly serve? as, for instance,efficiency measures do-as an indicator of managementsoundness. The ratio of non-interest expenditures to total assets (MGNT) idler be one of the measures toassess the working of the management. . This variable, which includes a variety of expenses,such as payrol l, workers compensation and training investment, reflects the managementpolicy stance. E fficiencyR atios demonstrate how expeditiously the ac society uses its assets and howefficiently the company manages its operations. Indicates the relationship amongst assets and revenue. ? Companies with low profit margins break away to have high asset turnover, those with highprofit margins have low asset turnover it indicates pricing strategy. ? This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growingrevenue in proportion to gross sales. Asset Turnover Analysis This ratio is useful to determine the amount of sales that are generated from each rupee ofassets.As noted above, companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover,those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Earnings and profitability, the prime source of increase in capital base, is examined withregards to interest rate policies and adequacy of provisioning. In addition, it also helps tosupport present and future operations of the institutions. The single best indicator used togauge earning is the Return on Assets (ROA), which is net income after taxes to total assetratio. Strong earnings and profitability compose of banks reflects the ability to support present andfuture operations.More specifically, this determines the capacity to lodge in losses, finance itsexpansion, pay dividends to its appropriateholders, and build up an adequate level of capital. Being front line of defense against erosion of capital base from losses, the fatality for highearnings and profitability fucking hardly be overemphasized. Although contrary indicators areused to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator is Return on Assets(ROA). However, for in-depth analysis, another indicator lowest Interest Margins (NIM) is alsoused. Chronically unprofitable financial institutions risk insolvency.Compared with mostother indicators, trends in profitability gag e be more difficult to interpret-for instance,unusually high profitability pile reflect excessive risk taking. R O A- R eturn on Assets An indicator of howprofitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA gives an radical asto how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Calculated bydividing a companys annual earnings by its total assets, ROA is displayed as a percentage. sometimes this is referred to as return on investment. ROA tells what earnings were generated from invested capital (assets).ROA for worldly concerncompanies screw vary substantially and will be highly dependent on the industry. This is why when using ROA as a comparative measure, it is best to study it against a companysprevious ROA numbers or theROA of a correspondent company. The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types offinancing are used to computer memory the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investorsan idea of how effectively the company is converting the specie it has to invest into netincome. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning more bullion on less investment.For example, if one company has a net income of $1 million andtotal assets of $5 million, its ROA is 20% however, if another company earns the sameamount but has total assets of $10 million, it has an ROA of 10%. Based on this example,the initiatory company is better at converting its investment into profit. When you really thinkabout it, managements most important job is to make wise choices in allocating itsresources. Anybody hatful make a profit by throwing a ton of money at a problem, but veryfew managers excel atmaking commodious profits with little investment. R eturn on Assets and R eturn on E quity of SCBs- camber Group-wiseAn adequate smoothity position refers to a situation, where institution heap obtain sufficientfunds, either by increasing liabilities or by converting its assets ri ght away at a reasonable cost. It is, therefore, generally assessed in terms of overall assets and liability management, asmismatching gives rise to erraticity risk. Efficient fund management refers to a situationwhere a spread between rate bare-assed assets (RSA) and rate sensitive liabilities (RSL) ismaintained. The most commonly used tool to evaluate interest rate exposure is the Gapbetween RSA and RSL,while fluidness is gauged by liquid to total asset ratio.Initially solvent financial institutions may be drive toward closure by poor management ofshort-term liquidity. Indicators should cover funding sources and capture large maturitymismatches. The term liquidity is used in various ways, all relating to availability of, accessto, or convertibility into bills. ? An institution is said to have liquidity if it can slowly meet its engages for cash eitherbecause it has cash onhand or can otherwise raise or borrow cash. ? A market is said to be liquid if the instruments it t rades can easily be bought or soldin quantity with little impact on market prices. ?An asset is said to be liquid if themarket for that asset is liquid. The common theme in all one-third contexts is cash. A corporation is liquid if it has ready accessto cash. A market is liquid if participants can easily convert positions into cash? orconversely. An asset is liquid if it can easily be converted to cash. The liquidity of aninstitution depends on y the institutions short-term need for cash y cash on hand y available lines of credit y the liquidity of theinstitutions assets y The institutions reputation in the mart? how willing will counterparty is totransact trades with or lend to theinstitution?The liquidity of a market is often measured as the size of its bid-ask spread, but this is animperfect deliberate at best. More generally, Kyle (1985) identifies three components of marketliquidity ? Tightness is the bid-ask spread ? Depth is the muckle of transactions necessary to melt prices ? Resiliency is the speed with which prices return to vestibular sense following a largetrade. Examples of assets that tend to be liquid include foreign exchange stocks traded in theStock shift or recently issued Treasury bonds. Assets that are often illiquid includelimited partnerships, thinly traded bonds or real estate.Cash maintained by the banks and balances with primaeval bank, to total asset ratio (LQD) isan indicator of banks liquidity. In general, banks with a big volume of liquid assets areperceived safe, since these assets would allowbanks to meet unheraldedwithdrawals. Credit deposit ratio is a tool used to study the liquidity position of the bank. It is calculatedby dividing the cash held in different forms by total deposit. A high ratio shows that there ismore amounts of liquid cash with the bank to met its clients cash withdrawals. It refers to the risk that changesin market conditions could adversely impact earnings and/orcapital.Market Risk encompasses e xposures associated with changes in interest rates, foreignexchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, etc. While all of these items are important,the primary risk in most banks is interest rate risk (IRR), which will be the focus of thismodule. The diversified nature of bank operations makes them vulnerable to various kindsof financial risks. Sensitivity analysis reflects institutions exposure to interest rate risk,foreign exchange volatility and equity price risks (these risks are summed in market risk). Risk sensitivity is mostly evaluated in terms of managements ability to monitor and controlmarket risk. cusss are increasingly involved in diversified operations, all of which are subject to marketrisk, particularly in the mount of interest rates and the carrying out of foreign exchangetransactions. In countries that allow banks to make trades in stock markets or commodityexchanges, there is also aneed to monitor indicators of equity and commodity price risk. Sensitivity t o Market Risk is a recent addition to the ratings parameters and reflects the point to which changes in interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and equityprices can affect earnings andhence the banks capital. Itis measured by Beta (? . 1. ? 1, depicts that changes in the firm are less than the changes in the market. LessSensitive2. ? =1, depicts that there is equivalent change in the firm with the changes in themarket Equally Sensitive. 3. ? 1, depicts that changes in the firm are more than the changes in the market. highly Sensitive. The Bank The word bank means an organization where people and backing can invest or borrowmoney change it to foreign currency etc. According to Halsbury ? A Banker is an individual,Partnership or spate whose sole pre-dominant business is banking, that is the receiptof money on current or deposit ccount, and the payment of cheque careworn and the collectionof cheque paid in by a customer. The O rigin and behave of Banks The Word Bank is derived from the Italian word Banko signifying a bench, which waserected in the market-place, where it was universal to exchange money. The Lombard Jewswere the start to practice this exchange business, the primary bench having been established inItaly A. D. 808. Some authorities assert that the Lombard merchants commenced thebusiness of money-dealing, employing bills of exchange as remittances, about the beginningof the thirteenth century.About the middle of the twelfth century it became evident, as the advantage of coinedmoney was bit by bit acknowledged, that there must be some controlling power, somecorporation which would undertake to take the coins that were to bear the royal stamp up toa certain standard of value as, independently of the sweating which invention may place tothe credit of the brightness of the Lombard merchants- all coins will, by wear or abrasion,become thinner, and consequently less valuable and it is of the cultivation importance, not only forthe cre dit of a country, but for the easier regulation of commercial transactions, that themetallic currency be kept as near as possible up to the legal standard. Much unnecessarytrouble and annoyance has been caused erst by negligence in this respect. The gradualmerging of the business of a goldsmith into a bank appears to have been the way in whichbanking, as we now apprehend the term, was introduced into England and it was not untillong after the establishment of banks in other countries-for state purposes, the regulation ofthe coinage, etc. that any large or similar institution was introduced into England.It is onlywithin the last twenty years that printed cheques havebeen in use in that establishment. Firstcommercial bank was Bank of Venice which was established in 1157in Italy. Banking sector, the world over, is know for the word sense of multidimensional strategiesfrom time to time with varying degrees of success. Banks are very important for the smoothfunctioning of financial ma rkets as they serve as repositories of vital financial informationand can potentially alleviate the problems created by information asymmetries. From acentral banks perspective, such high-quality disclosures help the early detection ofproblems faced by banks in the market and reduce the severity of market disruptions.Consequently, the RBI as part and contribution of the financial sector deregulation, attempted toenhance the transparency of the annual reports of Indian banks by, among other things,introducing stricter income recognition and asset classification rules, enhancing the capitaladequacy norms, and by requiring a number of extra disclosures sought by investors tomake better cash flow and risk assessments. Source RBI Website BAS EL II ACC O R D Bank capital framework sponsored by the worlds central banks designed to promoteuniformity, make regulatory capital more risk sensitive, and promote enhanced riskmanagement among large, internationally active banking organizations . The InternationalCapital Accord, as it is called, will be fully effective by January 2008 for banks active ininternational markets. Other banks can choose to opt in, or they can continue to follow theminimum capital guidelines in the original Basel Accord, finalized in 1988.The revisedaccord (Basel II) solely overhauls the 1988 Basel Accord and is based on three in return supporting concepts, or columns, of capital adequacy. The first of these pillars is anexplicitly defined regulatory capital requirement, a minimum capital-to-asset ratio equal toat least 8% of risk-weighted assets. Second, bank supervisory agencies, such as theComptroller of the Currency, have authority to adjust capital levels for individual banksabove the 9% minimum when necessary. The terzetto supporting pillar calls upon marketdiscipline to supplement reviews by banking agencies. Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking lawsand regulations issued by the Basel Committ ee on Banking Supervision.The purpose ofBasel II, which was initially promulgated in June 2004, is to create an international standardthat banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much capital banksneed to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face. Advocates of Basel II believe that such an international standard can help protect theinternational financial system from the types of problems that might arise should a majorbank or aseries of banks collapse. In practice, Basel II attempts to accomplish this by settingup rigorous risk and capital management requirements designed to ensure that a bank holdscapital reserves appropriate to the risk the bank exposes itself to through its alter andinvestment practices. Source RBI Website The final version aims at 1.Ensuring that capital allocation is more risk sensitive2. Separating operational risk from credit risk, and quantifying both3. Attempting to align economic and regula tory capital more closely to reduce thescope for regulatory trade. While the final accord has largely addressed the regulatory arbitrage issue, there are stillareas where regulatory capital requirements will diverge from the economic. Basel II has largely left unchanged the question of how to actually define bank capital,which diverges from accounting equity in important respects. The Basel I definition, asmodified up to the present, remains in place. The Accord in operation Basel II uses a three pillars concept y inimum capital requirements (addressing risk), y supervisory review and y market discipline to promote greater stability in the financial system. The Basel I accord dealt with only parts of each of these pillars. For example with respectto the first Basel II pillar, only one risk, credit risk, was dealt with in a transparent manner whilemarket risk was an afterthought operational risk was notdealt with at all. The First Pillar The first pillar deals with maintenance of regulatory capital calculated for three majorcomponents of risk that a bank faces credit risk, operational risk and market risk. Otherrisks are not considered fully quantifiable at this stage.The credit risk component can be calculated in three different ways of varying degree ofsophistication, pertainly standardized improvement, unveiling IRB and Advanced IRB. IRBstands for Internal Rating-Based Approach. For operational risk, there are three different approaches basic indicator approach,standardized approach and advanced measurement approach. For market risk the preferredapproach is VaR (value atrisk). As the Basel II recommendations are phased in by the banking industry it will move fromstandardized requirements to more refined and specific requirements that have beendeveloped for each risk household by each individual bank. The upside for banks that dodevelop their own bespoke risk measurement systems is that they will be rewarded withpotentially lower risk capital requir ements.In future there will be closer links between theconcepts of economic profit and regulatory capital. Credit Risk can be calculated by using one of three approaches 1. Standardized Approach2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approach3. Advanced IRB ApproachThe standardized approach sets out specific risk weights for certain types of credit risk. Thestandard risk weight categories are used under Basel 1 and are 0% for short term government bonds, 20% for exposures to OECD Banks, 50% for residential mortgages and coke% weighting on commercial loans. A new 150% rating comes in for borrowers with poorcredit ratings. The minimum capital requirement (the percentage of risk weighted assets tobe held as capital) has remains at8%.For those Banks that decide to adopt the standardized ratings approach they will be agonistic torely on the ratings generated by external agencies. Certain Banks are developing the IRBapproach as a result. The Second Pillar The second pillar deals wit h the regulatory response to the first pillar, giving regulatorsmuch improved tools over those available to them under Basel I. It also provides aframework for dealing with all the other risks a bank may face, such as systemic risk,pension risk, concentration risk, strategic risk, reputation risk, liquidity risk and legal risk,which the accord combines under the title of residual risk. It gives banks a power to reviewtheir risk managementsystem. The Third Pillar The third pillar greatly increases the disclosures that the bank must make.This is designedto allow the market to have a better picture of the overall risk position of the bank and toallow the counterparties of the bank to price and deal appropriately. The new Basel Accordhas its foundation on three mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and banksupervisors to evaluate properly the various risks that banks face and realign regulatorycapital more closely with underlying risks. The first pillar is compatible with the credit risk,market risk and operational risk. The regulatory capital will be centre on these three risks. The second pillar gives the bank right to exercise the best ways to manage the riskspecific to that bank. Concurrently, it also casts responsibility on the supervisors to reviewand validate banks risk measurement models.The third pillar on market discipline is usedto leverage the influence that other market players can bring. This is aimed at improving thetransparency in banks andimproves reporting. State Bank of India is the largest banking and financial services company in India, by almostevery parameter revenues, profits, assets, market capitalization, etc. The bank traces itsancestry to British India, through the Imperial Bank of India, to the founding in 1806 of theBank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. The regime of India nationalized the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with the ReserveBank of India taking a 60% post, and ren amed it the State Bank of India.In 2008, theGovernment took over thestake held by the Reserve Bank of India. SBI provides a range of banking products through its abundant network of armes in India andoverseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16,000 outgrowthes, has the largest banking branch network in India. With an asset base of $260 billionand $195 billion in deposits, it is a regional banking behemoth. It has a market share amongIndian commercial banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts foralmost one-fifth of the nations loans. The total assets of the Bank increased by 9. 23% fromRs. 9,64,432. 08 crores at the end of contact 2009 to Rs. 10,53,413. 3 crores as at end March2010. The Banks aggregate liabilities (excluding capital and reserves) rose by 8. 93% fromRs. 9,06,484. 38 crores on 31st March 2009 to Rs. 9,87,464. 53 crores on 31st March 2010. K ey performance I ndicators Source Annual Report, 2009-10SBI has tried t o reduce over-staffing by computerizing operations and golden handshakeschemes that led to a flight of its best and brightest managers. These managers took theretirement allowances and then went on to become senior managers in new private sector ICICI Bank (formerly Industrial Credit and investment muckle of India) is a majorbanking and financial services organization in India.It is the 4th largest bank in India andthe largest private sector bank in India by market capitalization. The bank also has a networkof 1,700+ branches (as on 31 March 2010) and about 4,721 ATMs in India and presence in19 countries, as surface as some 24 million customers (at the end of July 2007). ICICI Bank isalso the largest issuer of credit cards in India. ICICI Banks shares are listed on the stockexchanges at Kolkata and Vadodara, Mumbai and the subject field Stock Exchange of IndiaLimited its ADRs trade on the NewYork Stock Exchange (NYSE). Source Annual Report, 2009-10The Bank is expanding in overs eas markets and has the largest international balance sheetamong Indian banks.ICICI Bank now has wholly- possess subsidiaries, branches andrepresentatives offices in 19 countries, including an offshore unit in Mumbai. This includeswholly owned subsidiaries in Canada, Russia and the UK (the subsidiary through which theHi SAVE savings shuffling is operated), offshore banking units in Bahrain and Singapore, anadvisory branch in Dubai, branches in Belgium, Hong Kong and Sri Lanka, andrepresentative offices in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, entropy Africa, Thailand,the United Arab Emirates and USA. Overseas, the Bank is targeting the NRI (Non- ResidentIndian) population in particular. History HDFC Bank was merged in the year of 1994 by Housing Development FinanceCorporation Limited (HDFC), Indias prime minister housing finance company.It was among thefirst companies to receive an in principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) toset up a bank in the private sector . The Bank commenced its operations as a ScheduledCommercial Bank in January 1995 with the help of RBIs liberalization policies. In a milestone transaction in the Indian banking industry, Times Bank Limited (promoted byBennett, Coleman & Co. / Times Group) was merged with HDFC Bank Ltd. , in 2000. Thiswas the first unification of two private banks in India. As per the scheme of amalgamationapproved by the shareholders of both banks and the Reserve Bank of India, shareholders ofTimes Bank received 1share of HDFC Bank for every 5. 75shares of Times Bank. In 2008 HDFC Bank acquired Centurion Bank of Pun j a b aking its total branches to morethan 1,000. The amalgamated bank emerged with a strong deposit base of around Rs. 1,22,000 crore and net advances of around Rs. 89,000 crore. The balance sheet size of thecombined entity is over Rs. 1,63,000 crore. The amalgamation added significant value toHDFC Bank in terms of increased branch network, geographic reach, and customer base,and a bi gger pool of skilled manpower Capital Adequacy Source Annual Report, 2009-10 The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited commonly known by its acronym IDBIis one of Indias leading public sector banks and 4th largest Bank in overall ratings. RBIcategorized IDBI as an other public sector bank.It was established in 1964 by an Act offantan to provide credit and other facilities for the development of the fledgling Indianindustry. It is currently 10th largest development bank in the world in terms of reach with1210 ATMs, 720 branches and 486 centers. Some of the institutions build by IDBI are the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), theNational Securities repository Services Ltd (NSDL), the Stock Holding Corporation ofIndia (SHCIL), the Credit Analysis look for Ltd, the Export-Import Bank of India (EximBank), the Small Industries Development bank of India(SIDBI), the EntrepreneurshipDevelopment Institute of India, and IDBI BANK, which today is owned by the IndianGovernment, though for a brief period it was a private scheduled bank.The IndustrialDevelopment Bank of India (IDBI) was established on July 1, 1964 under an Act ofParliament as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. In 16 February 1976,the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the Government of India and it was made theprincipal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged infinancing, promoting and developing industry in the country. Although Governmentshareholding in the Bank came down below 100% following IDBIs public issue in July1995, the former continues tobe the major shareholder (current shareholding 52. 3%). During the four decades of its existence, IDBI has been instrumental not only in establishinga well-developed, diversified and efficient ndustrial and institutional structure but alsoadding a qualitative dimension to the process of industrial development in the country. IDBIhas played a pioneering role in fulfilling its mission of promoting industrial growth throughfinancing of medium and long-term projects, in agreement with national plans andpriorities. Over the years, IDBI has enlarged its basket of products and services, coveringalmost the entire spectrum of industrial activities, including manufacturing and services. IDBI provides financial assistance, both in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-fieldprojects as also for expansion, modernization and diversification purposes.In the wake offinancial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI evolved an array offund and fee-based services with a view to providing an integrated source to meet theentire demand of financial and corporate advisory requirements of its clients axis Bank, officially UTI Bank, is a financial services firm that had begun operations in1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bankwas promoted jointly by the administrator of the specify Undertaking of the Unit Trust ofIndia (UTI-I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), commonplace Insurance CorporationLtd. , National Insurance Company Ltd. The New India agency Company, The OrientalInsurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company UTI-I holds a special positionin the Indian capital markets and has promoted many leading financial institutions in thecountry. The bank changed its name to Axis Bank in April 2007 to avoid confusion withother unrelated entities with similar name. aft(prenominal) the Retirement of Mr. P. J. Nayak, Shikha Sharma was named as the banks managingdirector and CEO on 20 April 2009. As on the year ended March 31, 2009 the Bank had atotal income of Rs 13,745. 04 crore (US$ 2. 93 billion) and a net profit of Rs. 1,812. 93 crore(US$ 386. 15 million). On February 24, 2010, Axis Bank announced the launch of AXISCALL PAY on atom, a unique mobile payments resoluteness using Axis Bank calculate cards.Axis Bank is the first bank in the country to provide a secure d ebit card-based paymentservice over IVR. Axis Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India, on with ICICI Bank,State Bank of India and HDFC Bank Branch Network At the end of March 2009, the Bankhas a very wide network of more than 835 branch offices and attachment Counters. Totalnumber of ATMs went up to 3595. The Bank has loans now (as of June 2007) account for asmuch as 70 per cent of the banks total loan book of Rs 2,00,000 crore. In the case of AxisBank, retail loans have declined from 30 per cent of the total loan book of Rs 25,800 crorein June 2006 to around 23 per cent of loan book of Rs. 41,280 crore (as of June 2007).Evenover a eternal period,while the overall asset growth forAxis Bank has been sooner high and has matched that of the other banks, retail exposuresgrew at a gradual pace. The bank, though, appears to have insulated such pressures. Interestmargins, while they have declined from the 3. 15 per cent seen in 2003-04, are still hoveringclose to the 3 per cent mark . Axis Bank, formally UTI Bank, is a financial services firm that had begun operations in1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bankwas promoted jointly by the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust ofIndia (UTI-I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance CorporationLtd. , National Insurance Company Ltd. The New India Assurance Company, The OrientalInsurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company UTI-I holds a special positionin the Indian capital markets and has promoted many leading financial institutions in thecountry. The bank changed its name to Axis Bank in April 2007 to avoid confusion withother unrelated entities with similar name. After the Retirement of Mr. P. J. Nayak, Shikha Sharma was named as the banks managingdirector and CEO on 20 April 2009. As on the year ended March 31, 2009 the Bank had atotal income of Rs 13,745. 04 crore (US$ 2. 93 billion) and a net profit of Rs. 1 ,812. 93 crore(US$ 386. 15 million). On February 24, 2010, Axis Bank announced the launch of AXISCALL & PAY on atom, a unique mobile payments solution using Axis Bank debit cards.Axis Bank is the first bank in the country to provide a secure debit card-based paymentservice over IVR. Axis Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India, along with ICICI Bank,State Bank of India and HDFC Bank Branch Network At the end of March 2009, the Bankhas a very wide network of more than 835 branch offices and Extension Counters. Totalnumber of ATMs went up to 3595. The Bank has loans now (as of June 2007) account for asmuch as 70 per cent of the banks total loan book of Rs 2,00,000 crore. In the case of AxisBank, retail loans have declined from 30 per cent of the total loan book of Rs 25,800 crorein June 2006 to around 23 per cent of loan book of Rs. 41,280 crore (as of June 2007).Evenover a longer period,while the overall asset growth forAxis Bank has been kind of high and has matched that of the other banks, retail exposuresgrew at a slower pace. The bank, though, appears to have insulated such pressures. Interestmargins, while they have declined from the 3. 15 per cent seen in 2003-04, are still hoveringclose to the 3 per cent mark. Reserve Bank of India prescribes Banks to maintain a minimum Capital to risk weightedAssets Ratio (CRAR) of 9 percent with regard to credit risk, market risk and operational riskon an on-going basis, as against 8 percent prescribed in Basel Documents. Capital adequacyratio of the ICICI Bank was well above the industry average of 13. 97% t. CAR of HDFCbank is below the ratio of ICICI bank.HDFC Banks total Capital Adequacy stood at15. 26% as of March 31, 2010. The Bank adopted the Basel 2 framework as of March 31,2009 and the CAR computed as per Basel 2 guidelines stands higher against the regulatoryminimum of 9. 0%. HDFC CAR is gradually increased over the last 5 year and the capital adequacy ratio ofAxis bank is the increasing by every 2 year. SBI has maintained its CAR around in the rangeof 11 % to 14 %. But IDBI should reconsider their business as its CAR is falling YOY (yearon year). Higher the ratio the banks are in a flourishing position to absorb losses. So ICICIand HDFC are the strong one to absorb their loses. Gross N PAGross NPAs are the sum total of all loan assets that are classified as NPAs as per RBIguidelines as on Balance Sheet date. Gross NPA reflects the quality of the loans made bybanks. It consists of all the non standardassets like as substandard, doubtful, and loss assets. It can be calculatedwith the help of following ratio SBI maintained its GNPA to 3% which is very good sign of performances as SBI is thelargest lender in INDIA. HDFCs GNPA is quite an good as it is low with compared to ICICIand SBI but in 2008-09 GNPA rises. The reason may be economic crises. AXIS bank haslowest GNPA which shown its management ability. ICICI has the highest GNPA in bankingindustry and rise YOY (year onyear). N et N PANet NPAs are those type of NPAs in which the bank has deducted the provision regardingNPAs. Net NPA shows the actual burden of banks. Since in India, bank balance sheetscontain a huge amount of NPAs and the process of recovery and write off of loans is verytime consuming, the provisions the banks have to make against the NPAs according to thecentral bank guidelines, are quite significant. That is why the difference between gross andnet NPA is quite high. It can be calculated by following AXIS Bank has least Net NPA and ICICI has highest NNPA among group. HDFC shown itsmanagement quality as it maintained its NNPA YOY (year on year). SBI has to keep NNPAbelow. IDBI has successful to control NNPA YOY.