Hardware and Software Requirements For an IT system Essay

For this grant we select to bring up a report on the graphic symbolsetters cases of unenvi assailablew ar and softw ar requirements, and their designs, for an IT system. In the context of this essay I feel trenchant that bullet point form along with brief descriptions and graphics is the elevated hat way to present this assignment.6 STAGE MODELSh receive above is the six-stage model, wake the processes undertaken by a information processing system system. to a lower place is what each of my pictures represents* Mouse comment Device* The Tower Central Processing Unit* Monitor product Device* Floppy Disk Backing Store* Head chief(prenominal) Memory* Telephone Communications Devices e.g. InternetInput Devices and TechniquesInput blinds be the means whereby reckoners rotter accept data or instructions(Heathcott P M, 2000, p 159)* Keyboard The keyboard is the most comm just now use of all input devices. It brook be employ for a various modus operandi of tasks, form entering programs, to typing documents using a develop processor, or entering a persons personal details etc.* Mouse The mouse and its variants much(prenominal) as the trackball is well known with all PC users.* S dissolvener A s targetner fuck be use to s slew graphical images and photographs, and softwargon plunder because be used to edit or spectre up the images. Scanners can in all case be used to empathize typed or hand-writtten documents and this can so be interpreted by using OCR softw atomic number 18, which can thus export it to a word processor or data blame. Scanners can overly be used to input voluminous volumes of data on pre- crossed forms such(prenominal) as accredit card payments, where the customers government note tote up and beat paid are releaseed at the bottom of the payment slip.* Web Cam This transfers images onto the screen. In can be used via the internet for video conferencing or you can even pre-record messages and s last them via E-mail.* suspend Code Reader Bar enactments shape up on intimately e trulything we buy, whether it is a new CD or a tin of bins. The pattern of thick thin lines represents the 13 digit number underneath the bar code. thither are four main pieces of instruction on a bar code.The first few 2 or three digits represent in which country the product was registered. The next tailfin digits represent the manufacturers code. The second group of five song represents the product and package size. The last digit is a check digit, which is cypher from the some other digits in the code and ensures that the barcode is keyed in or read correctly. A very convertible process to that used in the ASCII code where the spare digit is used as the parity.A Product Bar Code* Light Pen A light pen is a device which incorporates a light sensor so that when it is held close to a screen over a character or part of a graphic, the determination is detected and can be moved to create or modify graphics.* Microphone An input devise for sound recording.* OMR ( optical Mark Recognition) An Optical Mark Reader can detect marks made in present positions on a form. The most common example of this is the lottery. It is also widely used for marking, multiple choice exams and market research questionnaires.* OCR (Optical name Recognition) Light is emitted, bounced back and then received. This is how the OCR reads its characters. The light emitted is in different resolves depending on the character. OCR is used widely in services such as shooter and electricity etc.* MICR ( magnetized Ink Character Recognition) All tills use MICR for touch on cheques. Along the bottom of a cheque the banks sort code, customer account number and cheque number are encoded in special characters in charismatic ink. The amount of the cheque is encoded in magnetized ink when it is reach in at the bank. The cheques can then be processed by MICR devices that read, sort and interject the data on saucer. MICR has several advantages for processing cheques1. It is badly to forge the characters2. The characters can be read even if the cheque is crumpled, nettlesome or smudged3. The characters are readable by humans, unlike bar codesThe wrong of MICR though is the expense. This is why you dont find some(prenominal) other examples of it being used.* Swipe fluffs Swipe tease are operated by using a magnetic uncase. They are used in credit cards, debit cards, railway tickets, phone cards and many others. The magnetic strip can be encoded with upto 220 characters of data and other 83% of adults in Britain own at least one card. Unfortunately because there are only 220 characters of data this makes the cards very easy to copy, which is why the strips will eventually, fade and be replaced by a chip, which is almost impossible to fake. slightlything slightly similar to the smart card.* Smart Cards Smart cards are of a similar appearance to that of the swipe cards, but instead of using the magnetic strip they contain a small 1-millimeter square microprocessor which is computing machine memoryd in the spunk of the card. This is then protected by a small gold galvanic contact the card can still read training by means of this.Unlike the swipe card the smart cards can nab millions of characters of data. In the future banks hope to replace all the swipe cards with a Super card which will also be able to be used to pay for smaller goods such as draw and news program writings without the wishing to carry cash. This card will almost be unbreakable. In Belgium they already necessitate a similar system meshing to this it is called the Proton Card, which incorporates the use of both magnetic strip and a microprocessor chip for bank withdrawals and payments of small goods.The Smart Card* Touch Sensitive Screens A touch sensitive screen allows the user to touch an area of the screen kind of than having to type the data on a keyboard. They are widely used in tourist centres, where tourists can project up various topical anesthetic facilities and entertainments, in fast food stores such as McDonalds for entering customer orders, in manufacturing, and also bars.* Digitisers A digitiser can draw superior illustrations. It has a flat rectangular slab onto which a elan (anything that terminates in a point) is placed.Output Devices and TechniquesThe ultimate aim of the computer is to produce useful information, the information that is produced by the computer is in binary digits, we then need devices to translate these into a form we can use(Corbitt T, 1990, p 11)* VDU ( visual Display Unit) The VDU is similar in appearance to the video recording receiver, an alternative visit is the monitor. VDUs have better resolution than TVs and therefore are better for graphical work. It has its own dogged amount of occlude (Random main course Memory) associated with it to store the image being displayed on the screen. So the more(prenominal ) RAM it has the better the resolution displayed on the screen. The number of pixels used to represent a full-screen image determines the resolution. ExampleIf 1 bit represents each pixel then two act upon can be displayed, so to display 256 color you would need 8 bits (1byte)It is ordinarily possible to adjust both the resolution and the number colours if you select a high resolution you wont be able to have as many colours because of the memory available on the VDUPrintersThe results of processing are usually postulate in markered form. Printers come in all shapes and sizes, there are two main categories of affecters* Impact Printers which transfer the image on to the newspaper publisher by applying pressure against a medallion onto the paper, this transfers ink form the thread to the paper forming the image* Non-impact Printers which produce the image on the paper without any contact.Impact Printers* Dot-matrix The characters on this are formed by dots. The print linte l contains a number of needles, the more there are of these the better the quality of print. A head with nine needles would take seven horizontal movements to print a character, this printer would be said to have a seven-by-nine-character matrix. In the latest type near letter quality is produced by triple printing. The line of type is printed, the head moves back to the beginning of the line, moves down fractionally and then prints the line a second time. This doubles the time taken to print a document. To overcome this more expensive models use twice the number of needles and near letter quality can be achieved with one kick the bucket of the head. The dot-matrix can also print out graphics and pictures of a sanctioned quality.Dot-matrix printers, which can print in colour, are available, these use a ribbon which contains red, green and blue. Coloured output is obtained by repeated printing, repositioning of the paper, print head and ribbon. The dot-matrix can print between 30 and 200 characters per second (cps).* Daisy-wheel printers The print head consists of supple arms extending from a centre hub, the characters are at the tips of the arms. When printing the hub revolves bringing the ask character next to the ribbon. Some daisy-wheel printers are bi-directional and the print head can turn in either direction so that quickest possible print time is achieved. The print can be changed so that different font styles can be used. Daisy wheel printers are unable to print graphics unlike the dot-matrix. It is capable of speed ranges 12 to 55 cps.Non-impact printers* Thermal printers These use specially do by paper, which is affected by heat generated by the print head as it passes across the paper. The main advantages are that they are silent and fast, printing 30-120 cps. Disadvantages are that the paper is expensive and that the printed image degrades in time.* Ink-jet printer With this type of printer the characters are formed on the paper by atomiser it with a stream of ink dots. They are fast, printing 150-270 cps and almost soundless, the quality of print is very good.A Canon Bubble gush Printer BJC7000* Plotters Plotters are used to produce drawings, diagrams and other types of graphical output. There are two varieties in use, the flatbed plotter which is used where verity is important and the drum plotter which is used for business applications. The flatbed type is fixed plot of land the pen moves over the top of the device while the axis moves up and down, whilst the drum variety uses continuous stationery. In both types the pens, under the program control, are moved to the down position, the movement of the pens is then controlled to draw the image. There are from one to six pens, which can be used to output different colours.There is also the less usually known graph plotter. This is most commonly seen in use for stay detector tests.* COM (Computer Output on Microfilm) The problem of storing information on paper can be considerable in a large business. cardinal way to solve this is to have output from the computer photographed as microscopical images directly onto microfilm. ii methods of storage are used, one put the information onto a roll of 16mm film while the other uses microfiche. Microfiche can store upto 100 pages of A4 on a single piece, to see it you must have a microfiche reader. The most recent examples of this being used is in libraries and in garages for checking car parts. info can be stored onto microfilm directly from the computer or impinge on line using magnetic put down as an intermediary store.* Voice output The output of the computer can be given in spoken form by using articulation synthesisers to transform words stored in the computer into human speech, this is great for disenable people who cannot speak as it allows them to communicate. The user can hear through with(predicate) a loudspeaker.Secondary device techniquesA permanent, non-volatile form of storage is required by all computer systems to save computer software package and data files. charismatic tape, magnetic disks, CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory), and microfilm are all examples of what is known as secondary storage.* Floppy disk The standardised 3 1/2 floppy disk is a thin, flexible plastic disk coated in metal oxide, enclosed in a rigid plastic casing for protection. A standard high density disk has a storage space of 1.44 Megabytes.* Hard Disks The demanding disk used with conventional PCs consists of one or more disk platters, which are permanently sealed inside a casing. Hard disks have a capacity of between 2Gb and 10Gb, though external hard drives can be plugged into the computer to provide extra storage space. For large applications storing huge amounts of data, more hard disks would be used. The disks can be fixed or removable, although the fixed disks are more reliable and have more storage capacity.Data is stored on the concentric tracks, which are divided into sectors. Data is then stored in one of the sectors so that it minimises the movement of the read-write heads, thereby minimising gate time.* CD-ROM CD-ROMs can store around 680Mb of data, which is the equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. CD-ROMs do not transfer data as quickly as the hard disk drive. As the name suggests the disks are read-only memory. Unlike a magnetic disk they are created by burning tiny holes into the surface of the disk, a laser beam is then reflected off the surface of the disk, detecting the front line or absence of pits, which represent the binary digits.* Worm disks (Write Once, Read Many) These look very similar to the CD-ROM in appearance but are gold rather than silver in colour. These disks can be used to write your own material and are ideal for archiving or storing images or data, which will not be changed. They are popular in the plagiarist industry because a 5 blank disk can store upto 20 000 worth of software and sell for 50 80. They a re used by less reputable PC companys which base the software onto the PC so they can charge the consumer more for the package. until now because of the competition in the pirate industry at present many of these carry viruses which can cause chaos on the hard drive.* Magneto-optical disks Magneto-optical disks blend optical and laser technology to enable read and write storage. A 5 1/2 disk can store up to 1 Gb. These disks may in future replace current magnetic disks, but at present the technology is still developing and the disks are too expensive, slow and unreliable to be in widespread use.* Magnetic tape Magnetic tape was developed in the 1950s and very quickly became the primary means of storing data. The data is stored on magnetic tape in the form of dots of magnetism. It is used widely for archiving past transactions or other data that may be needed again, for example, old news readings that have been collected over a number of years.* Jaz Drive Two Gigabytes is a tape drive and a mass storage device mainly used for backing up large files or batches of files i.e. end of day transaction backup for banks or businessesSoftware requirements and techniquesSoftware is the name given to the programs that direct the operation of the computer. It can be divided into two main groups, system software and applications software. System software is the programs required to feed in the computer system and applications software is the programs required to carry out a particular application such as stock controlSystems softwareThis is the software that the microcomputer system needs to run. In this group there are three divisions operating systems, utilities and compilers/interpreters/assemblers.Operating systems An operating system is a set of programs that allows the user to perform tasks without having to know how they are done. For example, a user can give a command to save a file on disk without having to know where the file will be stored or how it will be retrieved again.Applications programs are usually written to work with a particular operating system e.g. Excel will only work with Windows and not with Apple Mac, which has a different operating system. utility(prenominal) programs Utility programs perform common tasks that every computer user will need at one stage or another. They carry out such bank lines as formatting and copying disks, deleting files from disks, sorting information into a required order, and to help with the testing of programs that have been written.Compilers, interpreters and assemblers These are programs that translate the programming quarrel that is used into a form that the computer can understand. Compilers work by translating the whole of the program from what is known as the source program into the object program which will be in a form that the computer can understand. Interpreters are programs that translate and execute source programs one disceptation at a time. An assembler is a program supplie d by the computer manufacturer that will translate a program that was written in assembly language (low-level programming language) into machine code.Applications software In large organisations that have a mainframe or minicomputer we would find that programmers were employed whose job it would be to write the programs for the applications that the organisation wished to have run on the computer, such as paysheet, stock control or hospital appointments. The software may be knowing specifically for one particular company and written especially for them using a programming language or software such as database management system. Alternatively, the software may be purchased off the shelf.General purpose software Most general purpose software is sold as a package, including a CD containing the software. Below is the most common packages that you would find on the market to date1. Applications spreadsheets, database, word processing, Desk Top publish2. Presentation CD based presentat ions (Power Point, Director)3. Internet Publishing web page development software (Front Page, Dreamweaver, Flash)4. Programming Software BASIC, Visual Basic, C++, Java, Pascal, HTML5. Creation and Editing Photo give away, Paint Shop Pro, Premier, Coral Draw6. Utility Anti-virus, tidy and compression, Doctors. The newer computer systems will have these utilities on them already.Software such as word processing, spreadsheet and databases is sometimes refereed to as generic software. This means that many of the packages can be made to do many different tasks, and is not specifically for one type of application. The other types of application software such as stock control and payroll as mentioned before are special purpose because they have been designed to complete one particular task.ConclusionI found this assignment very interesting and now feel I have a much sounder understanding off computer hardware and software. I would have liked to incorporate more images into the assignment as reference to each of the products described, but was unable to find all of theimages that I required, and also had problems trying to transfer them from the internet. Apart from this I feel quite fulfil with the overall assignment and hope that I have entered all the data needed and presented it in a clear fashion.BibliographyCorbitt T, (1990), Information Technology And Its Applications. Avon, unify Kingdom Bath bring upHeathcott P M, (2000), A Level Computing. Ipswich, unite Kingdom Payne-Gallway Publishers LtdReferencesCorbitt T, (1990), Information Technology And Its Applications. Avon, United Kingdom Bath PressHeathcott P M, (2000), A Level Computing. Ipswich, United Kingdom Payne-Gallway Publishers LtdMichael Firmstone Tutor Del Turney 14/11/01