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Selection of type of dam
The optimum type of dam for a specific site is determined by estimates of
cost and spin programme for all design solutions which are technically
valid. Where site percentage are such that viable alternatives exist
it is important that options are unbroken open, assessing the implications of
each with respect to resources, programme and cost, until a preferred solution
is apparent. It whitethorn also be necessary to take account of little tangible
socio-political and environmental considerations in the determination of
that solution.
Four considerations of cardinal grandness are detailed below.
1. Hydraulic gradient: the nominal shelter of hydraulic gradient, i, for
seepage under, around or through a dam varies by at least one articulate
of order according to type.
2. Foundation melodic phrase: nominal stresses transmitted to the backside
transfer greatly with dam type.
3. Foundation deformpower: certain types of dams are repair able to
30 ELEMENTS OF DAM ENGINEERING
accommodate appreciable foundation deformation and/or settlement
without serious damage.
4. Foundation excavation: scotch considerations dictate that the
excavation volume and foundation preparation should be minimized.
The first consideration is confirmed by reference to Figs 1.21.5 inclusive.




speculative values of gradient range from about 0.5 for a homogeneous
embankment (Fig. 1.2(a)), to 10 or more for a buttress or cupola dam
(Figs 1.4(b) and 1.4(e)). The ability of softer and weaker or more erodible
foundations to resist high hydraulic gradients safely is very limited.
In illustration of the second point, notional stress values for 100m
high dams of different types are shown in tabularise 1.6.
The significance of excessive or non-uniform foundation deformability,
point 3 above, arises in relation to cracking and stress redistribution
within the dam. The relation back structural flexibility of a well-designed
embankment dam will be advantageous.
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